Artwork of mathematicians in history. A cartoon depicting famous historical mathematicians being paraded by satan (right) as his army. The mathematicians from left to right are Euclid of Alexandria (325-265 BC), Apollonius of Perga (262-190 BC), Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC), Ptolemy (90-168 AD), Franciscus Vieta (1540-1603), John Napier (1550-1617), Isaac Newton (1643-1727), John Wallis (1616-1703), Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Leibnitz (1646-1716), Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748) and Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705). Mathematicians were once considered heretics by the Catholic church. Cartoon sketched by Augustus de Morgan in the 19th century.