Galileo's 'Two New Sciences' (1638), title page. This book, written and published while he was under house arrest, was the final work of the Italian physicist, mathematician and astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). The text here is in Italian. The title (top) translates as 'Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences'. The word 'Linceo' (after Galileo's name) refers to Galileo's membership of the Lyncean Academy (founded 1603), and the text below this states that he is the philosopher and mathematician of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. This edition was published in Leiden, the Netherlands (details at bottom), after failures to publish elsewhere.