Early X-ray machine being operated by a pioneer of radiography, Ernest Harnack. In 1896, equipment such as this used in many London hospitals. Due to ignorance of the dangers of X-rays, the operators wore no protective garments. Harnack suffered severe injuries from X-rays, resulting in the amptuation of both of his arms and his eventual death from cancer. After many similar tragedies, standards of exposure were gradually introduced.