Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and its treatments. In the upper left, the lungs with the bronchial tree in transparency, hence a sub segmental bronchus in zoom. A left sectioned bronchiole is normal. The right sectioned bronchiole exhibits bronchoconstriction with hypersecretion of mucus, inflammatory cells producing cytokines in the mucosa. At the bottom the pulmonary lobules. On the left the alveolar sacs are normal, on the right, an emphysema seen in section shows the distended cells.