Coloured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showing brain tissue loss in patients with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency disease). The greatest thinning of the cerebral cortex (red and yellow areas) is seen in regions that control memory, movement and planning. In the early stages of infection HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) particles enter the brain and stimulate the production of cytokines, which are toxic to nerve cells, leading to cell death. This leads to neurocognitive dysfunction, that can include difficulties in concentration, psychomotor slowing, and impaired information processing, and in later stages of the disease can lead to HIV-associated dementia.

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