Illustration of the British molecular biologist Gregory Winter (born 1951). Winter is best known for his work on the development of therapeutic antibodies. Antibodies recognise a specific substance and tag it for removal from the body. In the 1980s Winter produced the first humanised therapeutic antibodies. Before this mouse antibodies were used, which could elicit a potentially dangerous immune response in a patient. The humanised antibodies replaced the mouse proteins that caused the response with human proteins. Winter went on to produce the first fully human therapeutic antibodies using a laboratory technique called phage display, where directed mutations are able to produce antibodies that are highly selective for their target substance. His discoveries have lead to the development of numerous drugs to treat cancer and inflammatory conditions. Winter was awarded a share of the 2018 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his phage display work, along with Frances Arnold and George P. Smith.