Abdulhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: 媢堥堹 塈?堶??堹 堳塈?? `Abd羹???-廎兀m蘋d-i s璽n簾, Turkish: 襤kinci Abd羹lhamit) (22 September 1842 ??10 February 1918) was the 99th caliph of Islam and the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last Sultan to exert effective control over the Ottoman Empire. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. He was succeeded by Mehmed V. His deposition following the Young Turk Revolution was hailed by most Ottoman citizens, who welcomed the return to constitutional rule.

During his tenure, he was responsible for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, and exerted maximum control over its affairs. Changes included: rationalization of the bureaucracy