Injured HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS, The Neanderthals lived in Europe and the Near East between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. They were a species similar to ours, though we are not directly related to them. They grew to almost 170 cm tall and were extremely strong. Their cranial capacity was some 7,500 cm3, more than ours, which is 7,350 cm3, though this does not mean they were more intelligent than us. Their braincases were long and flat, and their noses and mouths projected forwards. Sapiens and Neanderthals occupied the same territory until the Neanderthals eventually became extinct. Sculpture by Elisabeth Daynes.