Drawings of Mars made by Italian astronomer Francesco Fontana (c. 1580-1656), published in his 1646 book Novae Celestium Observationes (New Celestial Observations). The top drawing shows Fontana's 1636 observation of Mars made using a telescope. This is the earliest known drawing of Mars as seen using a telescope. The bottom drawing, made on the 24th of August 1638, shows a gibbous Mars. The circles seen at the centre of both the top and bottom drawings were caused by an optical defect on his telescope. Fontana also added an outer ring to Mars in both drawings, which did not exist.